In the fifth part, we discuss the successes of ALD and MLD in lithium batteries (i.e., Li–S and Li–O 2 batteries), and particularly, we discuss the applications of ALD and MLD for addressing the issues with Li metal anodes. The fourth part is focused on highlighting some successful case studies that utilized ALD or MLD to tackle the challenging issues in LIBs. In the third part, we offer a historic view on the applications of ALD and MLD in various batteries and help readers to secure an integral picture of the two techniques. Following this introductory section, we then brief the basic structures of LIBs and post‐LIBs, and concisely introduce the merits of ALD and MLD in the second part. In this review, we devote to make the first effort to outline the main achievements of ALD and MLD in various new battery systems. Thus, there has been an ever‐increasing interest in using both ALD and MLD for pursuing better batteries. Research attempts of both ALD and MLD were first witnessed in LIBs and then greatly widened into SEs and beyond Li‐ion batteries (e.g., Li–S, Li–O 2, and SIBs ). In this regard, atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD) have emerged as two new thrusts in the past decade, featuring their unique capabilities in materials growth at the atomic/molecular scale. Thus, there are many efforts needed for better batteries. In all these advanced battery systems, their interfaces are playing a vital role in determining their electrochemical performance and should be specially designed. Beyond LIBs, in addition, new battery systems also have been proposed and undergoing intensive investigation, such as lithium–sulfur (Li–S), lithium–oxygen (Li–O 2), and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). In addition, solid‐state electrolytes (SEs) are under development in order to substitute traditional organic liquid electrolytes (oLEs) for the sake of safety concerns. For instance, researchers are seeking higher‐capacity cost‐effective electrodes to replace the present ones for next‐generation LIBs of higher energy density and lower cost. To this end, new materials and new designs are urgently needed. In order to widely commercialize electric vehicles (EVs), specifically, it is imperative to develop next‐generation LIBs enabling to satisfy the following requirements: a high‐energy density of ≥300 Wh/kg for a driving range of ≥300 miles, an affordable cost of ≤$125/kWh, reliable safety free of fires and explosions, and a long lifetime of ≥15 calendar years. To accomplish these tasks, however, state‐of‐the‐art LIBs are still not sufficient in several ways. As the most successful EES devices developed so far, LIBs are further expected to electrify our future transportation and to support smart grids. As a return, the LIB cells can be downsized and the revolutionization of LIBs has led to their dominance in consumer electronics. State‐of‐the‐art LIBs, for instance, can realize an energy density of ~250 Wh/kg, which is over six times higher than that of the lead‐acid battery. In developing these rechargeable batteries, higher energy density has been one of the main pursuits. The first rechargeable battery is the lead‐acid battery invented by Gaston Plante in 1859, followed by nickel–cadmium (1899), nickel–metal hydride (NiMH, the mid‐1980s), and lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) that were conceptualized in the 1970s and commercialized by Sony Co. Thus, secondary batteries also are called rechargeable batteries. A primary battery cell is not reusable once exhausted, while a secondary battery cell can provide electrical energy during discharge and then be restored to its original charged condition through an electric current flowing in the opposite direction of discharge (i.e., charge). In terms of rechargeability, batteries can be either primary or secondary. To date, batteries have potentials to suffice three main domains: portable electronics (e.g., laptops and cell phones), transportation (e.g., electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles), and electric grids. To this end, batteries as one of the most successful EES devices can store electrical energy from the renewables and then supply it whenever and wherever there is a need. Given the facts that fossil fuels are continuously depleting and causing a series of environmental issues related to their combustion, renewable clean energies are highly regarded as promising alternatives and can be the potential game changers. The latter suffers from the intermittent operation and needs electrical energy storage (EES) devices to store electricity in the form of chemical energy. They are essential for widely implementing renewable clean energies (such as solar and wind powers). Nowadays, batteries have become a commodity related to national and strategic significance.
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